# REPL

> Stability: 2 - Stable

The `repl` module provides a Read-Eval-Print-Loop (REPL) implementation that
is available both as a standalone program or includible in other applications.
It can be accessed using:

```js
const repl = require('repl');
```

## Design and Features

The `repl` module exports the `repl.REPLServer` class. While running, instances
of `repl.REPLServer` will accept individual lines of user input, evaluate those
according to a user-defined evaluation function, then output the result. Input
and output may be from `stdin` and `stdout`, respectively, or may be connected
to any Node.js [stream][].

Instances of `repl.REPLServer` support automatic completion of inputs,
simplistic Emacs-style line editing, multi-line inputs, ANSI-styled output,
saving and restoring current REPL session state, error recovery, and
customizable evaluation functions.

### Commands and Special Keys

The following special commands are supported by all REPL instances:

* `.break` - When in the process of inputting a multi-line expression, entering
  the `.break` command (or pressing the `<ctrl>-C` key combination) will abort
  further input or processing of that expression.
* `.clear` - Resets the REPL `context` to an empty object and clears any
  multi-line expression currently being input.
* `.exit` - Close the I/O stream, causing the REPL to exit.
* `.help` - Show this list of special commands.
* `.save` - Save the current REPL session to a file:
  `> .save ./file/to/save.js`
* `.load` - Load a file into the current REPL session.
  `> .load ./file/to/load.js`
* `.editor` - Enter editor mode (`<ctrl>-D` to finish, `<ctrl>-C` to cancel)

```js
> .editor
// Entering editor mode (^D to finish, ^C to cancel)
function welcome(name) {
  return `Hello ${name}!`;
}

welcome('Node.js User');

// ^D
'Hello Node.js User!'
>
```

The following key combinations in the REPL have these special effects:

* `<ctrl>-C` - When pressed once, has the same effect as the `.break` command.
  When pressed twice on a blank line, has the same effect as the `.exit`
  command.
* `<ctrl>-D` - Has the same effect as the `.exit` command.
* `<tab>` - When pressed on a blank line, displays global and local(scope)
  variables. When pressed while entering other input, displays relevant
  autocompletion options.

### Default Evaluation

By default, all instances of `repl.REPLServer` use an evaluation function that
evaluates JavaScript expressions and provides access to Node.js' built-in
modules. This default behavior can be overridden by passing in an alternative
evaluation function when the `repl.REPLServer` instance is created.

#### JavaScript Expressions

The default evaluator supports direct evaluation of JavaScript expressions:

```js
> 1 + 1
2
> var m = 2
undefined
> m + 1
3
```

Unless otherwise scoped within blocks (e.g. `{ ... }`) or functions, variables
declared either implicitly or using the `var` keyword are declared at the
`global` scope.

#### Global and Local Scope

The default evaluator provides access to any variables that exist in the global
scope. It is possible to expose a variable to the REPL explicitly by assigning
it to the `context` object associated with each `REPLServer`.  For example:

```js
const repl = require('repl');
var msg = 'message';

repl.start('> ').context.m = msg;
```

Properties in the `context` object appear as local within the REPL:

```js
$ node repl_test.js
> m
'message'
```

It is important to note that context properties are *not* read-only by default.
To specify read-only globals, context properties must be defined using
`Object.defineProperty()`:

```js
const repl = require('repl');
var msg = 'message';

const r = repl.start('> ');
Object.defineProperty(r.context, 'm', {
  configurable: false,
  enumerable: true,
  value: msg
});
```

#### Accessing Core Node.js Modules

The default evaluator will automatically load Node.js core modules into the
REPL environment when used. For instance, unless otherwise declared as a
global or scoped variable, the input `fs` will be evaluated on-demand as
`global.fs = require('fs')`.

```js
> fs.createReadStream('./some/file');
```

#### Assignment of the `_` (underscore) variable

The default evaluator will, by default, assign the result of the most recently
evaluated expression to the special variable `_` (underscore).

```js
> [ 'a', 'b', 'c' ]
[ 'a', 'b', 'c' ]
> _.length
3
> _ += 1
4
```

Explicitly setting `_` to a value will disable this behavior.

### Custom Evaluation Functions

When a new `repl.REPLServer` is created, a custom evaluation function may be
provided. This can be used, for instance, to implement fully customized REPL
applications.

The following illustrates a hypothetical example of a REPL that performs
translation of text from one language to another:

```js
const repl = require('repl');
const Translator = require('translator').Translator;

const myTranslator = new Translator('en', 'fr');

function myEval(cmd, context, filename, callback) {
  callback(null, myTranslator.translate(cmd));
}

repl.start({prompt: '> ', eval: myEval});
```

#### Recoverable Errors

As a user is typing input into the REPL prompt, pressing the `<enter>` key will
send the current line of input to the `eval` function. In order to support
multi-line input, the eval function can return an instance of `repl.Recoverable`
to the provided callback function:

```js
function eval(cmd, context, filename, callback) {
  var result;
  try {
    result = vm.runInThisContext(cmd);
  } catch (e) {
    if (isRecoverableError(e)) {
      return callback(new repl.Recoverable(e));
    }
  }
  callback(null, result);
}

function isRecoverableError(error) {
  if (error.name === 'SyntaxError') {
    return /^(Unexpected end of input|Unexpected token)/.test(error.message);
  }
  return false;
}
```

### Customizing REPL Output

By default, `repl.REPLServer` instances format output using the
[`util.inspect()`][] method before writing the output to the provided Writable
stream (`process.stdout` by default). The `useColors` boolean option can be
specified at construction to instruct the default writer to use ANSI style
codes to colorize the output from the `util.inspect()` method.

It is possible to fully customize the output of a `repl.REPLServer` instance
by passing a new function in using the `writer` option on construction. The
following example, for instance, simply converts any input text to upper case:

```js
const repl = require('repl');

const r = repl.start({prompt: '>', eval: myEval, writer: myWriter});

function myEval(cmd, context, filename, callback) {
  callback(null,cmd);
}

function myWriter(output) {
  return output.toUpperCase();
}
```

## Class: REPLServer
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The `repl.REPLServer` class inherits from the [`readline.Interface`][] class.
Instances of `repl.REPLServer` are created using the `repl.start()` method and
*should not* be created directly using the JavaScript `new` keyword.

### Event: 'exit'
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The `'exit'` event is emitted when the REPL is exited either by receiving the
`.exit` command as input, the user pressing `<ctrl>-C` twice to signal `SIGINT`,
or by pressing `<ctrl>-D` to signal `'end'` on the input stream. The listener
callback is invoked without any arguments.

```js
replServer.on('exit', () => {
  console.log('Received "exit" event from repl!');
  process.exit();
});
```

### Event: 'reset'
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The `'reset'` event is emitted when the REPL's context is reset. This occurs
whenever the `.clear` command is received as input *unless* the REPL is using
the default evaluator and the `repl.REPLServer` instance was created with the
`useGlobal` option set to `true`. The listener callback will be called with a
reference to the `context` object as the only argument.

This can be used primarily to re-initialize REPL context to some pre-defined
state as illustrated in the following simple example:

```js
const repl = require('repl');

function initializeContext(context) {
  context.m = 'test';
}

var r = repl.start({prompt: '>'});
initializeContext(r.context);

r.on('reset', initializeContext);
```

When this code is executed, the global `'m'` variable can be modified but then
reset to its initial value using the `.clear` command:

```js
$ ./node example.js
>m
'test'
>m = 1
1
>m
1
>.clear
Clearing context...
>m
'test'
>
```

### replServer.defineCommand(keyword, cmd)
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* `keyword` {String} The command keyword (*without* a leading `.` character).
* `cmd` {Object|Function} The function to invoke when the command is processed.

The `replServer.defineCommand()` method is used to add new `.`-prefixed commands
to the REPL instance. Such commands are invoked by typing a `.` followed by the
`keyword`. The `cmd` is either a Function or an object with the following
properties:

* `help` {String} Help text to be displayed when `.help` is entered (Optional).
* `action` {Function} The function to execute, optionally accepting a single
  string argument.

The following example shows two new commands added to the REPL instance:

```js
const repl = require('repl');

var replServer = repl.start({prompt: '> '});
replServer.defineCommand('sayhello', {
  help: 'Say hello',
  action: function(name) {
    this.lineParser.reset();
    this.bufferedCommand = '';
    console.log(`Hello, ${name}!`);
    this.displayPrompt();
  }
});
replServer.defineCommand('saybye', function() {
  console.log('Goodbye!');
  this.close();
});
```

The new commands can then be used from within the REPL instance:

```txt
> .sayhello Node.js User
Hello, Node.js User!
> .saybye
Goodbye!
```

### replServer.displayPrompt([preserveCursor])
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* `preserveCursor` {Boolean}

The `replServer.displayPrompt()` method readies the REPL instance for input
from the user, printing the configured `prompt` to a new line in the `output`
and resuming the `input` to accept new input.

When multi-line input is being entered, an ellipsis is printed rather than the
'prompt'.

When `preserveCursor` is `true`, the cursor placement will not be reset to `0`.

The `replServer.displayPrompt` method is primarily intended to be called from
within the action function for commands registered using the
`replServer.defineCommand()` method.

## repl.start([options])
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* `options` {Object}
  * `prompt` {String} The input prompt to display. Defaults to `> `.
  * `input` {Readable} The Readable stream from which REPL input will be read.
    Defaults to `process.stdin`.
  * `output` {Writable} The Writable stream to which REPL output will be
    written. Defaults to `process.stdout`.
  * `terminal` {boolean} If `true`, specifies that the `output` should be
    treated as a a TTY terminal, and have ANSI/VT100 escape codes written to it.
    Defaults to checking the value of the `isTTY` property on the `output`
    stream upon instantiation.
  * `eval` {Function} The function to be used when evaluating each given line
    of input. Defaults to an async wrapper for the JavaScript `eval()`
    function.  An `eval` function can error with `repl.Recoverable` to indicate
    the input was incomplete and prompt for additional lines.
  * `useColors` {boolean} If `true`, specifies that the default `writer`
    function should include ANSI color styling to REPL output. If a custom
    `writer` function is provided then this has no effect. Defaults to the
     REPL instances `terminal` value.
  * `useGlobal` {boolean} If `true`, specifies that the default evaluation
     function will use the JavaScript `global` as the context as opposed to
     creating a new separate context for the REPL instance. Defaults to `false`.
  * `ignoreUndefined` {boolean} If `true`, specifies that the default writer
     will not output the return value of a command if it evaluates to
     `undefined`. Defaults to `false`.
  * `writer` {Function} The function to invoke to format the output of each
     command before writing to `output`. Defaults to [`util.inspect()`][].
  * `completer` {Function} An optional function used for custom Tab auto
     completion. See [`readline.InterfaceCompleter`][] for an example.
  * `replMode` - A flag that specifies whether the default evaluator executes
    all JavaScript commands in strict mode, default mode, or a hybrid mode
    ("magic" mode.) Acceptable values are:
    * `repl.REPL_MODE_SLOPPY` - evaluates expressions in sloppy mode.
    * `repl.REPL_MODE_STRICT` - evaluates expressions in strict mode. This is
      equivalent to prefacing every repl statement with `'use strict'`.
    * `repl.REPL_MODE_MAGIC` - attempt to evaluates expressions in default
      mode.  If expressions fail to parse, re-try in strict mode.
  * `breakEvalOnSigint` - Stop evaluating the current piece of code when
    `SIGINT` is received, i.e. `Ctrl+C` is pressed. This cannot be used together
    with a custom `eval` function. Defaults to `false`.

The `repl.start()` method creates and starts a `repl.REPLServer` instance.

## The Node.js REPL

Node.js itself uses the `repl` module to provide its own interactive interface
for executing JavaScript. This can be used by executing the Node.js binary
without passing any arguments (or by passing the `-i` argument):

```js
$ node
> a = [1, 2, 3];
[ 1, 2, 3 ]
> a.forEach((v) => {
...   console.log(v);
...   });
1
2
3
```

### Environment Variable Options

Various behaviors of the Node.js REPL can be customized using the following
environment variables:

 - `NODE_REPL_HISTORY` - When a valid path is given, persistent REPL history
   will be saved to the specified file rather than `.node_repl_history` in the
   user's home directory. Setting this value to `""` will disable persistent
   REPL history. Whitespace will be trimmed from the value.
 - `NODE_REPL_HISTORY_SIZE` - Defaults to `1000`. Controls how many lines of
   history will be persisted if history is available. Must be a positive number.
 - `NODE_REPL_MODE` - May be any of `sloppy`, `strict`, or `magic`. Defaults
   to `magic`, which will automatically run "strict mode only" statements in
   strict mode.

### Persistent History

By default, the Node.js REPL will persist history between `node` REPL sessions
by saving inputs to a `.node_repl_history` file located in the user's home
directory. This can be disabled by setting the environment variable
`NODE_REPL_HISTORY=""`.

#### NODE_REPL_HISTORY_FILE
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> Stability: 0 - Deprecated: Use `NODE_REPL_HISTORY` instead.

Previously in Node.js/io.js v2.x, REPL history was controlled by using a
`NODE_REPL_HISTORY_FILE` environment variable, and the history was saved in JSON
format. This variable has now been deprecated, and the old JSON REPL history
file will be automatically converted to a simplified plain text format. This new
file will be saved to either the user's home directory, or a directory defined
by the `NODE_REPL_HISTORY` variable, as documented in the
[Environment Variable Options](#repl_environment_variable_options).

### Using the Node.js REPL with advanced line-editors

For advanced line-editors, start Node.js with the environmental variable
`NODE_NO_READLINE=1`. This will start the main and debugger REPL in canonical
terminal settings which will allow you to use with `rlwrap`.

For example, you could add this to your bashrc file:

```text
alias node="env NODE_NO_READLINE=1 rlwrap node"
```

### Starting multiple REPL instances against a single running instance

It is possible to create and run multiple REPL instances against a single
running instance of Node.js that share a single `global` object but have
separate I/O interfaces.

The following example, for instance, provides separate REPLs on `stdin`, a Unix
socket, and a TCP socket:

```js
const net = require('net');
const repl = require('repl');
var connections = 0;

repl.start({
  prompt: 'Node.js via stdin> ',
  input: process.stdin,
  output: process.stdout
});

net.createServer((socket) => {
  connections += 1;
  repl.start({
    prompt: 'Node.js via Unix socket> ',
    input: socket,
    output: socket
  }).on('exit', () => {
    socket.end();
  });
}).listen('/tmp/node-repl-sock');

net.createServer((socket) => {
  connections += 1;
  repl.start({
    prompt: 'Node.js via TCP socket> ',
    input: socket,
    output: socket
  }).on('exit', () => {
    socket.end();
  });
}).listen(5001);
```

Running this application from the command line will start a REPL on stdin.
Other REPL clients may connect through the Unix socket or TCP socket. `telnet`,
for instance, is useful for connecting to TCP sockets, while `socat` can be used
to connect to both Unix and TCP sockets.

By starting a REPL from a Unix socket-based server instead of stdin, it is
possible to connect to a long-running Node.js process without restarting it.

For an example of running a "full-featured" (`terminal`) REPL over
a `net.Server` and `net.Socket` instance, see: https://gist.github.com/2209310

For an example of running a REPL instance over curl(1),
see: https://gist.github.com/2053342

[stream]: stream.html
[`util.inspect()`]: util.html#util_util_inspect_object_options
[`readline.Interface`]: readline.html#readline_class_interface
[`readline.InterfaceCompleter`]: readline.html#readline_use_of_the_completer_function
